A metal-free composite photocatalyst of graphene quantum dots deposited on red phosphorus

A simple approach to enhance the photocatalytic activity of red phosphorus(P) was developed.A mechanical ball milling method was applied to reduce the size of red P and to deposit graphene quantum dots onto red P. The product was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, contact angle measurements, zeta-potential measurements, X-ray diffraction and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. The product exhibited high visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance in the photodegradation of rhodamine B.     

BiOBr/Bi2MoO6异质结的构筑及对甲基橙的吸附/光催化性能的协同作用机制

采用简单的沉积-沉淀法合成了BiOBr/Bi_2MoO_6(BOB/BMO)异质结,采用XRD、XPS、TEM、SEM、EDS、FT-IR、UV-Vis-DRS、PL、PC和EIS等测试技术对光催化剂的物相组成、形貌、光吸收特性和光电化学性能等进行系统表征,并以模型污染物甲基橙(MO)的吸附和光催化降解作为探针来评价BiOBr/Bi_2MoO_6异质结的吸附性能与光催化活性增强机制.SEM和TEM分析结果表明,所得Bi_2MoO_6微球由大量厚度约为20~50 nm的纳米片组成;沉淀-沉积法所得样品的形貌分析显示,尺寸约为10 nm的BiOBr量子点均匀沉积在Bi_2MoO_6微球表面,形成的新颖的BOB/BMO异质结.N2吸附/脱附结果表明,Bi_2MoO_6和BiOBr形成异质结具有大的比表面积(64.94 m2·g-1),且表面孔结构丰富.吸附/光催化降解实验结果表明,与纯Bi_2MoO_6或者BiOBr相比,BOB/BMO异质结表现出更好的吸附性能和光催化活性.吸附/光催化协同作用机理分析表明,BOB/BMO异质结具有大的比表面积和丰富的孔结构是其吸附性能增强的主要原因.此外,光致发光(PL)谱、光电流(PC)和交流阻抗(EIS)分析进一步揭示了BOB/BMO异质结有利于光生载流子的分离与转移,导致光催化活性增强,二者的协同作用使其对MO具有优越的去除性能.此外,BOB/BMO异质结较稳定,重复使用性能良好,有望用于MO废水的实际处理.     

有机氮替代比例对冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系作物产量及N2O排放的影响

控制农业温室气体排放(如N_2O)是减缓全球气候变暖的一个重要措施.本研究通过动态监测小麦-玉米轮作体系N_2O排放通量,探究不施任何肥料(对照,CK)、单施氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、75%NPK+25%(有机氮M)(25%M)、50%NPK+50%M(50%M)、25%NPK+75%M(75%M)以及100%M,即不同有机氮替代比例对陕西关中塿土冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系N_2O排放及作物产量的影响.结果表明,各处理N_2O排放通量在施肥、降雨或灌水后出现排放峰值.在小麦季各处理变化幅度为-1.33~144.2μg·(m~2·h)~(-1),其中NPK处理峰值最高.玉米季各处理变化幅度为88.2~1 800.1μg·(m~2·h)~(-1),50%M处理峰值最高.小麦/玉米一个轮作年不同处理N_2O排放总量为429.8~2 632.1 g·hm~(-2),且50%M25%MNPK75%M100%MCK.无论小麦、玉米还是一个轮作年总产量,施肥处理产量均显著高于对照.小麦季,施用有机肥的处理小麦产量均显著高于单施化肥处理,增幅达26.1%~50.0%.玉米季,50%M和75%M处理产量与NPK相似,而25%M和100%M处理玉米产量显著低于NPK处理.小麦/玉米轮作总产量变幅为9 166~17 496 kg·hm~(-2),其中50%M和75%M处理显著高于NPK处理,25%M和100%M处理与NPK处理无显著差异.综合考虑塿土小麦/玉米轮作体系有机氮替代化肥氮75%最好,可以保证作物产量、实现N_2O减排.     

Seawater Intrusion and Sustainable Yield of Basal Aquifers1

Liu, Clark C.K. and John J. Dai, 2012. Seawater Intrusion and Sustainable Yield of Basal Aquifers. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 861‐870. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00659.x Abstract: Basal aquifers, in which freshwater floats on top of saltwater, are the major freshwater supply for the Hawaiian Islands, as well as many other coastal regions around the world. Under unexploited or natural conditions, freshwater and the underlying seawater are separated by a relatively sharp interface located below mean sea level at a depth of about 40 times the hydraulic head. With forced draft, the hydraulic head of a basal aquifer would decline and the sharp interface would move up. It is a serious problem of seawater intrusion as huge amounts of freshwater storage is replaced by saltwater. Also, with forced draft, the sharp interface is replaced by a transition zone in which the salinity increases downward from freshwater to saltwater. As pumping continues, the transition zone expands. The desirable source‐water salinity in Hawaii is about 2% of the seawater salinity. Therefore, the transition zone expansion is another serious problem of seawater intrusion. In this study, a robust analytical groundwater flow and salinity transport model (RAM2) was developed. RAM2 has a simple mathematical structure and its model parameters can be determined satisfactorily with the available field monitoring data. The usefulness of RAM2 as a viable management tool for coastal ground water management is demonstrated by applying it to determine the sustainable yield of the Pearl Harbor aquifer, a principal water supply source in Hawaii.     

两种不同的恒载升温方式下的钢材破坏机理分析

通过对我国建筑结构用钢在拉伸和压缩两种方式下的恒载升温试验,进行了5次受拉试件和2次受压试件的对比研究,根据试验中材料的各自变形规律,对其破坏机理进行了理论分析;从材料屈服的定义出发,给出了恒载升温拉伸试验中的参数(对应温度下的临界荷载水平),并与恒载升温压缩试验中的参数项进行了对比,指出受压构件和受拉构件的高温屈服强度是不同的,因此在钢结构建筑的耐火设计中应分别取不同的安全系数。     

原位臭氧氧化污泥减量工艺的运行效能

采用ASBR/SBR原位臭氧污泥减量工艺,重点研究了原位臭氧氧化对SBR段污泥产率和出水水质的影响。两个相同的ASBR/SBR组合工艺同时运行,每隔3个周期向臭氧投加组SBR的曝气阶段原位间歇投加臭氧,臭氧投加量为0.027 g O3/g MLSS,连续运行40 d;对照组不投加臭氧作为对比。结果表明,原位臭氧氧化实现污泥减量约43.9%,臭氧投加组SBR段平均污泥产率系数为0.1447 g SS/g SCOD,而对照组为0.2580 g SS/g SCOD,投加组没有惰性污泥的累积,并且污泥沉淀性能得到改善。原位臭氧氧化对出水水质影响不大,投加组与对照组相比,臭氧投加3周期后的出水COD、NH4+-N、TN和TP平均值分别为47.8、0.76、14.1和6.4 mg/L,去除率分别下降了4%、2%、3%和7.7%,其中COD、NH4+-N和TN均能达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A标准。     

采用支持向量机算法优化电化学处理油田污水的工艺参数

采用支持向量机(SVM)算法,将Box-Behnken设计法与支持向量回归算法(SVR)实验参数优化软件相结合,优化电化学去除油田污水COD的工艺参数。通过量子粒子群算法对SVM算法参数进行优化,从建立的回归模型中找到工艺参数的全局最佳点:电解时间60 min,电解电流3 A,三维电极填充料中石英砂质量695 g。模型得到的COD理论最优去除率为92.48%,验证实验得到的COD去除率为91.43%。     

Incorporating Uncertainty Into the Ranking of SPARROW Model Nutrient Yields From Mississippi/Atchafalaya River Basin Watersheds1

Abstract: Excessive loads of nutrients transported by tributary rivers have been linked to hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Management efforts to reduce the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico and improve the water quality of rivers and streams could benefit from targeting nutrient reductions toward watersheds with the highest nutrient yields delivered to sensitive downstream waters. One challenge is that most conventional watershed modeling approaches (e.g., mechanistic models) used in these management decisions do not consider uncertainties in the predictions of nutrient yields and their downstream delivery. The increasing use of parameter estimation procedures to statistically estimate model coefficients, however, allows uncertainties in these predictions to be reliably estimated. Here, we use a robust bootstrapping procedure applied to the results of a previous application of the hybrid statistical/mechanistic watershed model SPARROW (Spatially Referenced Regression On Watershed attributes) to develop a statistically reliable method for identifying “high priority” areas for management, based on a probabilistic ranking of delivered nutrient yields from watersheds throughout a basin. The method is designed to be used by managers to prioritize watersheds where additional stream monitoring and evaluations of nutrient‐reduction strategies could be undertaken. Our ranking procedure incorporates information on the confidence intervals of model predictions and the corresponding watershed rankings of the delivered nutrient yields. From this quantified uncertainty, we estimate the probability that individual watersheds are among a collection of watersheds that have the highest delivered nutrient yields. We illustrate the application of the procedure to 818 eight‐digit Hydrologic Unit Code watersheds in the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River basin by identifying 150 watersheds having the highest delivered nutrient yields to the Gulf of Mexico. Highest delivered yields were from watersheds in the Central Mississippi, Ohio, and Lower Mississippi River basins. With 90% confidence, only a few watersheds can be reliably placed into the highest 150 category; however, many more watersheds can be removed from consideration as not belonging to the highest 150 category. Results from this ranking procedure provide robust information on watershed nutrient yields that can benefit management efforts to reduce nutrient loadings to downstream coastal waters, such as the Gulf of Mexico, or to local receiving streams and reservoirs.     

Long-Term Changes in Game Species Over a Long Period of Transformation in the Iberian Mediterranean Landscape

Agricultural change has transformed large areas of traditional farming landscapes, leading to important changes in the species community assemblages in most European countries. We suspect that the drastic changes in land-use that have occurred in Andalusia (southern Spain) over recent decades, may have affected the distribution and abundance of game species in this region. This article compares the distribution of the main game species in Andalusia during the 1960s and 1990s, using data from maps available from the Mainland Spanish Fish, Game and National Parks Service and from recent datasets on hunting yield distributions, respectively. Big-game and small-game species were significantly segregated in southern Spain during the 1990s, as two clearly independent chorotypes (groups of species whose abundances are similarly distributed) were obtained from the classification analysis. In contrast, big-game and small-game species were not significantly segregated several decades ago, when there was only one chorotype consisting of small-game species and wild boar. The other three ungulates did not constitute a significant chorotype, as they showed positive correlations with some species in the group mentioned above. These changes seem to be a consequence of the transformations that have occurred in the Iberian Mediterranean landscape over the last few decades. The abandoning of traditional activities, and the consequent formation of dense scrubland and woodland, has led to an expansion of big-game species, and a decrease of small-game species in mountain areas. Moreover, agricultural intensification has apparently depleted small-game species populations in some agricultural areas. On the other hand, the increasingly intensive hunting management could be artificially boosting this segregation between small-game and big-game species. Our results suggest that the conservation and regeneration of traditional agricultural landscapes (like those predominating in the 1960s) should be a priority for the conservation of small-game species.     

水解酸化-A2O污泥减量工艺的运行性能研究

生物处理单元采用水解酸化、多级串联接触曝气、连续流的除磷脱氮A2／O工艺，并辅以外排厌氧富磷污水侧流除磷，开发了一个新型的具有强化除磷脱氮功能的污泥减量HA—A／A—MCO工艺。用该工艺处理校园生活污水发现，在SRT60d、进水COD316～407mg／L、NH4＋-N30～40mg／L、TN35～53mg／L、TP8—12mg／L的条件下，出水COD≤18mg／L、NH4＋-N≤2．1mg／L、TN≤10．3mg／L、TP≤0．44mg／L。研究还发现，水解酸化池处理产生的VFA能有效促进生物除磷脱氮，导致厌氧释磷量达57mg／L，进入化学除磷池的侧流液量仅相当于进水量的13％；系统最主要的脱氮形式是SND和缺氧反硝化，SND脱氮占脱氮总量的50％，缺氧反硝化占26％；HA-A／A—MCO系统有效实现了生物相分离，并利用生物捕食作用获得较低的污泥产率，0．1gMLSS／gCOD。